In today’s world of portable electronics and electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries are crucial. They power smartphones, laptops, and cars due to their small size, high energy density, and ability to recharge. However, they also pose a serious fire risk to property owners.

These batteries use lithium ions to create electrical currents but contain a flammable electrolyte, which can lead to dangerous fires if the battery is damaged or overheats. As their use in homes and businesses increases, so does the risk of property fires.

Keep reading to explore the risks associated with lithium-ion batteries, their potential to cause fires and measures to mitigate these dangers.

Increasing incidents of lithium-ion battery fires in UK Buildings

The UK has seen a notable increase in fires caused by lithium-ion batteries in buildings. According to the London Fire Brigade, fires related to these batteries rose by 50% over the past five years. In 2022 alone, there were over 200 such fires reported, up from 135 in 2018. Notable incidents include fires in apartment complexes and office buildings, highlighting the severe safety and financial implications of such events. These incidents underscore the need for stringent safety measures and heightened awareness among property owners and occupants.

The fire hazard

Thermal runaway is the primary cause of lithium-ion battery fires and poses a significant threat to residential and commercial properties. This process occurs when heat buildup within the battery triggers uncontrollable reactions, often resulting in fires that are difficult to extinguish. Factors such as physical damage, overcharging and manufacturing defects can initiate thermal runaway, leading to fires that can cause extensive damage to buildings.

In residential and commercial settings, lithium-ion battery fires can be triggered by several factors:

• Physical damage: Dropping or impacting batteries can compromise their integrity, leading to fires.
• Improper charging practices: Using incompatible chargers or overcharging batteries can cause overheating and fires.
• Internal defects: Manufacturing defects can result in batteries failing and catching fire.

Reducing the risk of building fires

Storage and handling

• Temperature control: Store batteries in a cool, dry place, avoiding temperatures above 25°C (77°F) or below 0°C (32°F).
• Proper ventilation: Ensure good ventilation in storage areas to prevent heat buildup.
• Avoid physical damage: Store batteries in protective cases and prevent punctures, crushing, or physical shocks.
• Avoid overcharging: Use chargers designed for the battery type and avoid leaving batteries on the charger after fully charged.

Usage

• Correct application: Use batteries as intended by the manufacturer and avoid modifications.
• Monitor for signs of failure: Watch for swelling, overheating, or leaking, and stop using the battery if these occur.

Charging

• Supervised charging: Charge on non-flammable surfaces away from flammable materials and do not leave batteries unattended during charging.
• Quality chargers: Use high-quality, certified chargers and follow manufacturer recommendations.

Disposal

• Proper disposal: Dispose of batteries according to local regulations and use designated recycling programs.
• Safe disposal: Handle damaged or defective batteries with care and seek professional disposal services.

Emergency preparedness

• Fire extinguishers: Keep a Class D or ABC fire extinguisher nearby and know how to use it.
• Smoke alarms: Install and maintain smoke alarms in areas where batteries are stored or charged.

Getting the right Fire Risk Assessment

A Fire Risk Assessment can mitigate lithium-ion battery fire risks by identifying hazards, evaluating risks, implementing control measures (proper storage, temperature control, handling, charging protocols, disposal practices), preparing for emergencies, and regularly monitoring and maintaining batteries and equipment. This reduces fire likelihood and potential damage.